Why don’t colors look the same across different devices?

First, we’ll talk about color mixing theory. There are two ways of mixing colors. One is using colored light, and the other one is using colorants. Figure 2a illustrates using red, green and blue lights to mix colors and Figure 2b illustrates using cyan, magenta and yellow colorants. In Figure 2a, when adding red, green and blue lights together, you will see white light. When adding red and green lights, you will see yellow light; whereas adding red and blue lights, you will see magenta lights.

When talking about these color schemes, we often refer to cyan, magenta and yellow (Figure 2b) as “primary colors”, and red, green and blue (figure 2a) as “secondary colors.” Since colors are created by taking out the reflection of the substrate white using a filtered light medium, this method of mixing colors is called “subtractive color mixing”. Conversely, since white can be created by adding red, green and blue lights, we call this method “additivity color mixing.”

The difference is, if we want to use colorants or inks to create colors with “additive color mixing” we must apply the colorants or inks onto a substrate, such as paper or canvas. So consider the white in Figure 2b to be the white from the paper or canvas. On these surfaces, when mixing cyan and magenta colorants you will see a blue color; whereas mixing magenta and yellow colorants, you will see a red color. When you mix all three: cyan, magenta and yellow colorants, in theory, you will get black.

​When we reproduce images digitally, such as displaying images on monitors or projectors, “additivity color mixing” method is often used, as illustrated in Figure 3. When reproducing hardcopy images, such as using printer to print out an image, “subtractive color mixing” method is used, as illustrated in Figure 4. It’s easy to see that the secondary colors of additivity and subtractive color systems are the exact opposite. The same idea applies to creating white and black in both systems. Therefore, we could expect that the colors created from monitors or projectors will be different from the colors on a printed media due to the difference in color mixing method.

The second reason we see changes in colors produced on different devices is due to mass production variation. There are different methods of producing these colors. In Figure 5 we will explain using a commonly produced monitor as an example.

Figure 5 illustrates the main components inside a monitor panel. There are at least 10 different layers of components to create a single piece of panel. The main components which will mostly affect colors are listed in the following:

1. Backlight

2. Polarizer

3. TFT Substrate

4. Liquid Crystal (LC)

5. Color Filter Array

6. Color Filter Substrate

Due to the material and manufacturing process, one can expect slight variations in mass production methods for each layer of components. The variation is usually around 5% per component in order for it to be produced quickly and priced reasonably. Let’s say we tighten the quality control variation to 2% for each component used. With 10 layers of components, the variation of the panel could easily go up to 15% ~ 20%. Therefore, when the factory uses the panels right away without any adjustment or calibration, the colors will definitely be very different from unit to unit. This is the typical case for monitors, projectors, TV, and even printers.

From this article, we learned there are three reasons responsible for why the colors look differently on different devices. The first one is because each manufacturer has its own color balance preference. The second reason is the fundamental color mixing theory is different across different mediums. The last one is variation in mass production. Now that we can attribute some concrete reasons for this phenomenon, in next article we will discuss what we can do to make colors look the same on different devices.